| Description |
The frequently used biomaterial in hard tissue replacement, such as dental and orthopaedic implants, is titanium. (Ball et al., 1996; Höök et al., 2002a; Huang et al., 2003; Imamura et al., 2008; Jones et al., 2000; Walivaara et al., 1994; Yang et al., 2003) These kind of biomaterial applications made of titanium are satisfactory products, because of their ability to adsorb certain proteins. After implantation, within a few seconds, the biomaterial surface becomes coated with a film of adsorbed proteins mediating the interaction between the implant and the body environment. Since an implant is exposed to blood during implantation, the initial protein layer is mainly composed of plasma proteins. Human plasma fibrinogen (HPF) is the relevant protein, which adsorbs on biomaterial surfaces. HPF partakes in blood coagulation, facilitates adhesion and aggregation of platelets (Cacciafesta et al., 2001; 2000). The structure and composition of the adsorbed protein layer determine the type and extent of the subsequent biological reactions, such as activation of coagulation and immune response and osseointegration (Nygren et al., 1997). Thus, the initially adsorbed protein layer is a factor determining the biocompatibility , and also in recent years interest has been focused to preparation of hydrocarbons doped with Ti and used different methods to analyzing of biocompatibility for important proteins . The production and application of doped titanium surfaces are under intensive research, and the results have shown the positive views on the adaptation of these materials as a biomaterial, as equal or even better than the bulk titanium. The doping of titanium is performed typically by inserting impurities like N, Nb, Zr, Ta, Al, Cr and V.
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